WITHDRAWALS (ИЗЪЯТИЯ ДЕНЕГ ИЗ КРУГООБОРОТА)

Withdrawals (or leakages) are that part of the circular How, which are not passed on as spending with UK firms. This is income, which individuals, firms or governments take out of the circular flow with the likely result that the level of economic activity in the economy declines. The three forms that withdrawals can take arc:

Savings. Сбережения

Both businesses and individual citizens can take the decision not to spend all of the income that they receive. A number of factors are thought to determine the level of savings at any one time. Interest rates obviously influence the saver's decision since they represent the return on his or her savings. Many economists believe that decisions to save arc taken in response to periods of economic uncertainty: the more worried people arc about interest rates, job security and so on, the more they arc likely to save. Alternatively, there is evidence that when money is losing value quickly, as in a period of inflation, people tend to purchase consumer durable goods such as televisions and washing machines.

Another factor is social change. Previous generations placed great store by saving in order to carry out major purchases; this is less common today perhaps due to the ready availability of credit.

Imports. Импорт

You will know that expenditure by UK inhabitants on goods and services imported from abroad -will remove those funds from the domestic circular flow and will cause a decrease in the level of economic activity. Periodically, the UK has spent too freely on imports and earnings from exports have been insufficient to cover this. Many factors encourage us to purchase imports: some are favourable to the economy in the long term, whilst others are harmful. If imports of raw materials increase due to the growth of a domestic industry, then this indicates an expanding economy, which should sell more exports in the future in order to pay for the increased expenditure. However, if the imports are the consequence of UK citizens preferring foreign goods on grounds of, for example, price or quality, then the impact may be harmful as jobs are lost in domestic industries.

Taxation. Налогообложение

Funds are withdrawn from the circular flow in the form of taxation by the government. It levies two types of tax:

If the authorities withdraw funds through taxation and then fail to spend this tax revenue, the circular flow will reduce the level of activity in the economy.

Taxation policy has been substantially altered by the Conservative government in the 1980s and early 1990s. It has reduced direct taxes because of the belief that taxation of this kind reduces the incentive to work and so dampens the spirit of enterprise in the economy. Indirect taxes, such as VAT, have been increased to make up for some of the revenue lost from direct taxes. The government has thus transferred the tax burden from direct to indirect taxes. The total burden of taxation has hardly altered.

VOCABULARY NOTES

leakage  – утечка

which are not passed on as  – которые рассматриваются не как...

with the likely result that  – в результате чего может; результатом чего может

savings  – сбережения, накопления

a number of factors are thought to determine  – считается, что ряд факто­ров определяет

the return on his or her savings  – отдача, процент, доход от... сбережений

there is evidence that  – очевидно, что

to place great store by  – придавать большое значение

due to  – благодаря, из-за

to remove from  – удалить, изъять

insufficient to cover  – недостаточный для покрытия (расходов)

to encourage smb to do smth  – побуждать кого-то сделать что-то

in the long term (ant. in the short term)  – в (отдаленном) будущем

domestic industry  – национальная промышленность

to withdraw  – изымать, выводить, удалять

to levy  – взимать, облагать (о налогах)

direct (indirect) taxes- прямые (косвенные) налоги

income tax  – подоходный налог

corporation tax (on profits)  – налог с прибыли (доходов) корпораций

VAT (value added tax)  – НДС (налог на добавленную стоимость)

customs duty  – таможенная пошлина

excise duty  – акцизный сбор

and then fail to spend this tax revenue  – а затем не могут распорядиться (потратить) этими налоговыми поступлениями

has been substantially altered  – была значительно изменена

and so dampens the spirit of enterprise  – и таким образом подавляет дух предпринимательства

to make up for  – компенсировать, восполнять tax burden  – бремя налогов

Assignments

I. Suggest the Russian equivalents

withdrawals, which are not passed on as spending with UK firms; a number of factors are thought to determine the level of savings; job security; another factor is social change; generations placed great store by saving; will remove those funds from the domestic circular flow and will cause a decrease; direct (indirect, corporation, income) taxes; the tax revenue; taxation of this kind reduces the incentive to work and so dampens the spirit of enterprise; the tax burden

II. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms

with the likely result that...; decisions are taken in response to economic uncertainty; alternatively; consume durable goods; UK Inhabitants; if the authorities fail to spend this tax revenue; will cause a decrease on the level of economic activity; earnings from exports have been insufficient; if imports increase due to the growth of industry; substantially; because of the belief that.

III. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text

1. Interest rates influence the saver's decision since they represent __ on his savings.

2. Previous generations __ saving in order to cany out major purchases.

3. Expenditures on goods and services imported- from abroad __ those funds from __ and will cause __ in the level of economic activity.

4. If imports of raw materials increase due to the growth of __, then this indicates __.

5. Funds are withdrawn from the __ by the government, which __ two types of tax.

6. Indirect taxes include VAT and __.

7. Direct taxes reduce __ to work and so dampen __ in the economy.

8. The government has transferred __ from direct to indirect taxes.

IV. Find in the text English equivalents for the following

доходы от сбережений; очевидно, что...; подталкивать, побуждать; в конце концов; это означает рост экономики; на том основании, что; на­лог на добавленную стоимость; акцизный сбор; Восполнять

V. Find English explanations

the return on one's savings; taxes (direct, indirect, income, corporation, on wealth, VAT); excise duties; the tax revenue

VI. Answer the questions

1. What are withdrawals? Name their forms.

2. When do people decide to save?

3. What is the reason for purchasing imports?

4. Why can buying imports be harmful?

5. What are direct and indirect taxes?

6. Why did the Conservative government reduce direct taxes in the 1980s and increase indirect ones?

7. Make conclusions from the Circular Flow Model. VII. Translate into English using all the active possible

1. В ответ на увеличение правительством налогов предприниматели приняли решение поднять цены на потребительские товары. Подобное налогообложение явно не способствует развитию торговли.

2. Считается, что на решение покупать или не покупать импортные товары влияет целый ряд факторов: цены, качество и т. д.

3. Выпуская хорошие товары, предприниматели побуждают население покупать их, а не откладывать деньги, что может привести к падению уровня экономической активности.

4. Многие люди, пытавшиеся получить большой процент со своих де­нег, положенных на депозит в разные сомнительные банки, оказались обманутыми.

5. В некоторых странах акцизный сбор с продажи алкогольных на­питков является очень доходной статьей.

6. В России налог на добавленную стоимость был введен в январе 1992 года.

7. Изъятия  – это часть национального дохода, которая не использует­ся населением для покупки потребительских благ, произведенных в стране. Изъятия состоят, таким образом, из сбережений, чистых налогов и затрат на покупку импортных товаров. Изъятия равны инъекциям